Determination of lipid-rich plaques by artificial intelligence-enabled quantitative computed tomography using near-infrared spectroscopy as reference.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Artificial intelligence quantitative CT (AI-QCT) determines coronary plaque morphology with high efficiency and accuracy. Yet, its performance to quantify lipid-rich plaque remains unclear. This study investigated the performance of AI-QCT for the detection of low-density noncalcified plaque (LD-NCP) using near-infrared spectroscopy-intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS). METHODS: The INVICTUS Registry is a multi-center registry enrolling patients undergoing clinically indicated coronary CT angiography and IVUS, NIRS-IVUS, or optical coherence tomography. We assessed the performance of various Hounsfield unit (HU) and volume thresholds of LD-NCP using maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400 as the reference standard and the correlation of the vessel area, lumen area, plaque burden, and lesion length between AI-QCT and IVUS. RESULTS: This study included 133 atherosclerotic plaques from 47 patients who underwent coronary CT angiography and NIRS-IVUS The area under the curve of LD-NCP<30HU was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-1.00] with an optimal volume threshold of 2.30 mm3. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 94% (95% CI: 88-96%], 93% (95% CI: 76-98%), and 94% (95% CI: 88-98%), respectively, using <30 HU and 2.3 mm3, versus 42%, 100%, and 27% using <30 HU and >0 mm3 volume of LD-NCP (p < 0.001 for accuracy and specificity). AI-QCT strongly correlated with IVUS measurements; vessel area (r2 = 0.87), lumen area (r2 = 0.87), plaque burden (r2 = 0.78) and lesion length (r2 = 0.88), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AI-QCT demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in detecting significant LD-NCP using maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400 as the reference standard. Additionally, vessel area, lumen area, plaque burden, and lesion length derived from AI-QCT strongly correlated with respective IVUS measurements.

Rationale and design of the INVICTUS Registry: (Multicenter Registry of Invasive and Non-Invasive imaging modalities to compare Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography, Intravascular Ultrasound and Optical Coherence Tomography for the determination of Severity, Volume and Type of coronary atherosclerosiS).

BACKGROUND: Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is a first-line noninvasive imaging modality for evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent advances in CCTA technology enabled semi-automated detection of coronary arteries and atherosclerosis. However, there have been to date no large-scale validation studies of automated assessment of coronary atherosclerosis phenotype and coronary artery dimensions by artificial intelligence (AI) compared to current standard invasive imaging. METHODS: INVICTUS registry is a multicenter, retrospective, and prospective study designed to evaluate the dimensions of coronary arteries, as well as the characteristic, volume, and phenotype of coronary atherosclerosis by CCTA, compared with the invasive imaging modalities including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-IVUS and optical coherence tomography (OCT). All patients clinically underwent both CCTA and invasive imaging modalities within three months. RESULTS: Patients data are sent to the core-laboratories to analyze for stenosis severity, plaque characteristics and volume. The variables for CCTA are measured using an AI-based automated software and assessed independently with the variables measured at the imaging core laboratories for IVUS, NIRS-IVUS, and OCT in a blind fashion. CONCLUSION: The INVICTUS registry will provide new insights into the diagnostic value of CCTA for determining coronary atherosclerosis phenotype and coronary artery dimensions compared to IVUS, NIRS-IVUS, and OCT. Our findings will potentially shed new light on precision medicine informed by an AI-based coronary CTA assessment of coronary atherosclerosis burden, composition, and severity. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04066062).

Feasibility of Simple Evaluation of Coronary Artery Calcium Using a Number of Chest Computed Tomography Slices: A Multicenter Study.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the visual measurements of coronary artery calcium (CAC) on nonelectrocardiogram (ECG)-gated chest computed tomography (CT) using a simple scoring method that involves counting the number of CT slices containing CAC. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 163 participants who underwent both coronary and chest CT examinations at six centers within 3 months. Agatston scores were calculated on standard ECG-gated scans and classified as none (0), mild (1-99), moderate (100-400), or severe (>400). Next, chest CT images were reconstructed to standard 5.0 mm axial slices. Then, CAC on chest CT scans was measured using two methods: the Weston score (sum of the assigned score of each vessel, range: 0-12) and number of slices showing CAC (Ca-slice#). Results: When the Weston score and Ca-slice# were divided into four levels according to the optimal divisional levels corresponding to the Agatston score classes, good agreements with the 4-grade Agatston score were observed (kappa value=0.610 and 0.794, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of Ca-slice# ≥9 to identify severe Agatston scores of >400 were 86% and 96%, respectively. Conclusion: The Ca-slice#, a simple scoring method using chest CT scans, was in good agreement with the ECG-gated Agatston score.

[A Simulation Surgery of Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement Using a Three-dimensional Printed Model].

Aortic valve-sparing surgery is a delicate procedure that requires specialized skills to control aortic valve regurgitation. Therefore, simulating the surgery before performing it on a patient is good practice for inexperienced surgeons. Herein, we present our experience of a simulation surgery using a three-dimensionally printed aortic root model of a 60-year-old man with severe aortic regurgitation and aortic root enlargement. We fabricated the model using multi-slice computed tomography data. The model revealed the two pitfalls:unbalanced commissure position and lower coaptation height of the right coronary cusp. We completed the simulation surgery from the proximal suture and valve reimplantation to coronary ostial reconstructions during approximately three hours with medical staffs. In the actual operation, the aortic valve regurgitation completely disappeared by accurately reconstructing the commissure in the Valsalva graft and adjusting the height of the right coronary cusp using central plication procedure. We believe that carrying out simulations before the actual surgery improves the surgeon's confidence and the patient's outcomes.

Long-term use of carvedilol in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Despite its recommendation by the current guidelines, the role of long-term oral beta-blocker therapy has never been evaluated by randomized trials in uncomplicated ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients without heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction or ventricular arrhythmia who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a multi-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial, STEMI patients with successful primary PCI within 24 hours from the onset and with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% were randomly assigned in a 1-to-1 fashion either to the carvedilol group or to the no beta-blocker group within 7 days after primary PCI. The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. Between August 2010 and May 2014, 801 patients were randomly assigned to the carvedilol group (N = 399) or the no beta-blocker group (N = 402) at 67 centers in Japan. The carvedilol dose was up-titrated from 3.4±2.1 mg at baseline to 6.3±4.3 mg at 1-year. During median follow-up of 3.9 years with 96.4% follow-up, the cumulative 3-year incidences of both the primary endpoint and any coronary revascularization were not significantly different between the carvedilol and no beta-blocker groups (6.8% and 7.9%, P = 0.20, and 20.3% and 17.7%, P = 0.65, respectively). There also was no significant difference in LVEF at 1-year between the 2 groups (60.9±8.4% and 59.6±8.8%, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Long-term carvedilol therapy added on the contemporary evidence-based medications did not seem beneficial in selected STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CAPITAL-RCT (Carvedilol Post-Intervention Long-Term Administration in Large-scale Randomized Controlled Trial) ClinicalTrials.gov.number, NCT 01155635.

Apixaban versus Warfarin for the Prevention of Periprocedural Cerebral Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Multicenter Prospective Randomized Study.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke can be a life-threatening complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation. Uninterrupted warfarin treatment contributes to minimizing the risk of stroke complications. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a prospective, open-label, randomized, multicenter study assessing the safety and efficacy of apixaban for the prevention of cerebral thromboembolism complicating AF catheter ablation. Two hundred patients with drug-resistant AF were equally assigned to take either apixaban (5 mg or 2.5 mg twice daily) or warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2-3) for at least 1 month before AF ablation. Neither drug regimen was interrupted throughout the operative period. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed for all patients to detect silent cerebral infarction (SCI) after the ablation. Primary outcomes were defined as the occurrence of stroke, transient ischemic attack, SCI, or major bleeding that required intervention. The secondary outcome was minor bleeding. The groups did not statistically differ in patients' backgrounds or procedural parameters. During AF ablation, the apixaban group required administration of more heparin to maintain an activated clotting time > 300 seconds than the warfarin group (apixaban, 14,000 ± 4,000 units; warfarin, 9,000 ± 3,000 units). Three primary outcome events occurred in each group (apixaban, 2 SCI and 1 major bleed; warfarin, 3 SCI, P = 1.00), and 3 and 4 secondary outcome events occurred in the apixaban and warfarin groups (P = 0.70), respectively. CONCLUSION: Apixaban has similar safety and effectiveness to warfarin for the prevention of cerebral thromboembolism during the periprocedural period of AF ablation.

A Comparison of Heart Rate Response between 12 hours Caffeine Abstinence and 24 hours in Adenosine Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging.

The aim of this study was to examine whether the heart rate response to adenosine differs after 12 hours [Good control (Good-C)] versus 24 hours [Excellent control (Exc-C)] of caffeine abstinence in adenosine stress thallium-201 (TL) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Patients (n=729) with suspected ischemic heart disease underwent adenosine TL-MPI after 12 (n=226) and 24 (n=503) hours of caffeine abstinence. There was not significant differences between the heart rate of Exc-C and Good-C in 0-2 min after adenosine infusion (0 min 63.7±9.5 versus 63.7±10.0, 1 min 66.4±10.6 versus 65.3±10.5, 2 min 72.3±11.2 versus 70.6±11.4). The heart rate of Exc-C was higher compared to Good-C in 3-6 min after adenosine infusion (3 min 75.6 ±11.7 versus 73.3±11.6 p=0.013, 4 min 79.2±12.9 versus 76.7±12.2 p=0.012, 5 min 79.4±12.6 versus 76.8±12.4 p=0.009, 6 min 79.4±12.5 versus 77.0±12.3 p=0.016). Therefore, the longer caffeine abstinence, namely 24 hours self-restraint, is effective in adenosine TL-MPI.

A rare case: bioprosthetic tricuspid valvuloplasty dramatically improved hepatic encephalopathy.

A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed as severe stenosed tricuspid bioprosthetic valve. She had developed an encephalopathy due to elevated serum ammonia concentration caused by congestive hepatic failure. Re-tricuspid valve replacement was deemed too risky, and balloon bioprosthetic valvuloplasty was instead planned. This procedure was successfully performed using a standard mitral valvuloplasty protocol. The 30-mm INOUE-BALLOON was inflated five times. The mean pressure gradient across the bioprosthetic valve decreased from 7.8 to 3.5 mmHg, and the tricuspid valve orifice area increased from 1.09 to 3.13 cm(2), without worsening of the tricuspid valve regurgitation. Finally, her hepatic encephalopathy was dramatically improved.

Quantification of the myocardial area at risk using coronary CT angiography and Voronoi algorithm-based myocardial segmentation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the myocardial area at risk (MAAR) using coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and Voronoi algorithm-based myocardial segmentation in comparison with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Thirty-four patients with coronary artery disease underwent 128-slice coronary CTA, stress/rest thallium-201 SPECT, and coronary angiography (CAG). CTA-based MAAR was defined as the sum of all CAG stenosis (>50%) related territories (the ratio of the left ventricular volume). Using automated quantification software (17-segment model, 5-point scale), SPECT-based MAAR was defined as the number of segments with a score above zero as compared to the total 17 segments by summed stress score (SSS), difference (SDS) score map, and comprehensive SPECT interpretation with either SSS or SDS best correlating CAG findings (SSS/SDS). Results were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Forty-nine stenoses were observed in 102 major coronary territories. Mean value of CTA-based MAAR was 28.3 ± 14.0%. SSS-based, SDS-based, and SSS/SDS-based MAAR was 30.1 ± 6.1%, 20.1 ± 15.8%, and 26.8 ± 15.7%, respectively. CTA-based MAAR was significantly related to SPECT-based MAAR (r = 0.531 for SSS; r = 0.494 for SDS; r = 0.814 for SSS/SDS; P < 0.05 in each). CONCLUSIONS: CTA-based Voronoi algorithm myocardial segmentation reliably quantifies SPECT-based MAAR. KEY POINTS: • Voronoi algorithm allows for three-dimensional myocardial segmentation of coronary CT angiography • Stenosis-related CT myocardial territories correlate to SPECT based area at risk • CT angiography myocardial segmentation may assist in clinical decision-making.

Incidence and impact on midterm outcome of controlled subintimal tracking in patients with successful recanalisation of chronic total occlusions: J-PROCTOR registry.

AIMS: To assess the incidence and impact on clinical outcomes of subintimal tracking in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion (CTO). Patients at 27 centres were consecutively enrolled when guidewire crossing of the CTO by either the antegrade or the retrograde approach was confirmed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). IVUS images were examined to identify the course of the wire. Clinical follow-up at one year and angiographic follow-up at nine months were performed after everolimus-eluting stent implantation. Among a total of 163 patients (59 antegrade and 104 retrograde), subintimal tracking was more frequent with the retrograde approach (24.2% vs. 12.3%, p=0.10). Although there was no difference in the one-year target vessel revascularisation rate between intimal and subintimal tracking with either the antegrade or the retrograde approach, angiographic follow-up revealed greater late loss in the subintimal group compared with the intimal group. Multivariate analysis identified the pre-procedural reference diameter as a predictor of subintimal tracking. Subintimal tracking was more frequent with the retrograde approach. After medium-term follow-up, no negative clinical impact of subintimal tracking was observed in this small study. However, further evaluation of the angiographic impact is needed.

[Intravenous adenosine and radiopharmaceutical injection in the same line was feasible in adenosine stress myocardial perfusion. imaging].

Adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging was performed with an intravenous adenosine and radiopharmaceutical injection in the same line. A syringe containing 720 µg/kg of adenosine in 40 ml of saline was prepared and injected at the constant infusion rate of 400 ml/h. Adenosine was temporarily stopped by the stopcock when 1.5 ml of thallium was injected for 0.5 second from the three-way stopcock with two ways opened. Thereafter, the stopcock was returned to the original position in 0.5 second, and adenosine flow returned to the constant flow rate again. In this method, 0.75% of adenosine total dose was injected at a rate of 3.0 ml/s and adenosine was stopped for 3.6 second. There were no significant differences in either effects and adverse events of adenosine between this method and two intravenous injection line method. Adenosine stress in one venous line method would be an easy method maintaining the dose effect and safety.

Cardiac surgery for annuloaortic ectasia and mitral regurgitation in an adult patient with dextrocardia.

We report a surgical case of dextrocardia complicated with annuloaortic ectasia (AAE) and mitral regurgitation, which induced congestive heart failure. Preoperative electrocardiography-gated multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) showed the following complex cardiovascular abnormalities without motion artifacts: dextrocardia, situs inversus, polysplenia, AAE, absence of the inferior vena cava, azygos vein continuation, drainage of the hepatic vein into the right atrium, and bilateral superior venae cavae. On the basis of the MDCT data, we established a cardiopulmonary bypass; and a modified Bentall procedure (Piehler method) and mitral valve replacement were performed without complications.